تحليل أثر النسب المالية في العائد على الموجودات: دراسة قياسية باستخدام بيانات البانل على عينة من المصارف التجارية العراقية المدرجة في سوق العراق للأوراق المالية للمدة (2011–2020)

Abstract

This study aims to examine the effect of financial ratios on Return on Assets (ROA) in a sample of Iraqi commercial banks listed on the Iraq Stock Exchange, based on panel data covering the period from 2011 to 2020. The study was motivated by the importance of financial ratios as a critical tool for measuring banks’ financial performance and evaluating the effectiveness of their resource utilization, thereby facilitating managerial and investment decision-making. The study employed a descriptive-analytical approach and an econometric methodology, using balanced panel data obtained from a sample of five Iraqi commercial banks: Gulf Commercial Bank, Middle East Bank for Investment, National Bank of Iraq, Bank of Baghdad, and Trade Bank of Iraq, yielding a total of 50 observations over the period 2011–2020. The independent variables included the Current Ratio (CT), Cash Ratio (CR), Loan-to-Deposit Ratio (LDR), Debt-to-Equity Ratio (DER) (Debt/Equity), Long-Term Debt Ratio (LTD) (Long-Term Debt/Total Assets), Total Asset Turnover Ratio (TAT), and Fixed Asset Ratio (FAT). The dependent variable was Return on Assets (ROA). EViews 14 was used to conduct the econometric analysis. The findings indicated that the Pooled Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression model was the most appropriate model for analyzing the data. The study also revealed a positive relationship between the Total Asset Turnover Ratio (TAT) and Return on Assets (ROA). TAT was the only variable that exerted a statistically significant positive effect on ROA during the study period, whereas the other financial ratios did not have statistically significant effects over the same period. The findings further demonstrated that the model had a high explanatory power, as indicated by the coefficient of determination (R²), which was approximately 79.76%. The results also confirmed the overall significance of the model according to the F-test, supporting the validity of the model under the assumptions of normally distributed residuals and the absence of statistically significant autocorrelation. The study recommends that Iraqi commercial banks focus on improving the efficiency of asset utilization, developing asset and resource management policies, strengthening financial planning and control systems, and expanding the adoption of modern technologies and digital transformation. These measures would contribute to improving their financial performance and profitability.